Secure Your Linux Server
by Aaron Brazell03/23/2006
The Linux operating system is one of the most stable and diverse OSes around. It's also one of the most popular servers in the world, thanks to its stability, process handling, and developer dedication. No matter what you plan to do with Linux, you can bet there's a flavor that will match your particular needs.
In the development world, the most popular and often used Linux distribution (known to Linux geeks as a "distro") is Red Hat. Others include Mandriva, Debian, and SuSE. This tutorial refers to Red Hat 9.
Do Not Turn Your Brain Off at the Door
Warning! If you think reading this article will give you all the information you need to be a system administrator, think again. This article covers the basics of security, but it is not a substitute for common sense, nor for the necessary interactive thinking of a competent system administrator.
This is not a fix-all. Hackers and attackers constantly reinvent themselves, and a good system administrator will be versatile and adept, reinventing himself as necessary. I recommend following Linuxdocs.org and CERT to help stay on top of system administration and security issues pertaining to your Linux server.
Installation
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Before you can really get going, you have to install your Linux distro. I assume that you are setting up a server and will run without X11 (the GUI that ships with Red Hat). You may choose to install X if you wish, but this tutorial will not assume that you have it.
The rule of thumb to operate under is that if you don't need something, don't enable it. The reason for this approach is that the more services and modules you have installed, the greater the risk that an exploited and overlooked service could provide a gateway to your box.
Depending on your server or distro, the file locations I provide here may not correspond with those on your own system. To locate a file, use the command find / -name filename. You can also use tools such as pico or vi to edit a file.
Lockdown
This is the first thing to do to secure your new Linux box. There are several actions to take to prevent dangerous activity.
Changing the root password
The most obvious and simplest lockdown method is to change (or even initially setup) your root password, right from the start.
It's a good idea to change it once every 30 days, and it's also wise to come up with a password that won't be easy to crack. There are apps out there that can run a password list against a dictionary and try to crack passwords that way. Other apps will run a password list against a dictionary and hacker spellings. Therefore, using the term d0gf00d as your password is highly insecure.
You can change your password using the passwd command while logged in as root.
Disable suid
It's very valuable at times, and also very dangerous, to be able to run an application as a different user. The most common application of this is with suid (think "set user ID"). With suid, an underprivileged user can run an application as if he were a privileged user. For instance, the Apache web server, which by design runs as its own user, could execute commands as root. In this way, it would be possible for a regular user to gain access to and edit the /etc/passwd file, among others.
To find which files use suid, execute the following command. Anything with an s in the permission column (on the left) runs with suid.
# ls -alF `find / -perm -4000` > /root/suid.txtOn your server, you may get something like this in /root/suid.txt:
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 60104 Apr 1 2002 /bin/mount*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 35192 Apr 18 2002 /bin/ping*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 19116 Apr 8 2002 /bin/su*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 30664 Apr 1 2002 /bin/umount*
-r-sr-xr-x 1 root root 120264 Apr 9 2002 /sbin/pwdb_chkpwd*
-r-sr-xr-x 1 root root 16992 Apr 9 2002 /sbin/unix_chkpwd*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 37528 Jan 17 2002 /usr/bin/at*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 34296 Mar 27 2002 /usr/bin/chage*
-rws--x--x 1 root root 12072 Apr 1 2002 /usr/bin/chfn*
-rws--x--x 1 root root 11496 Apr 1 2002 /usr/bin/chsh*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 21080 Apr 15 2002 /usr/bin/crontab*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 36100 Mar 27 2002 /usr/bin/gpasswd*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 19927 Apr 17 2002 /usr/bin/lppasswd*
-rws--x--x 1 root root 4764 Apr 1 2002 /usr/bin/newgrp*
-r-s--x--x 1 root root 15104 Mar 13 2002 /usr/bin/passwd*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 14588 Jul 24 2001 /usr/bin/rcp*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 10940 Jul 24 2001 /usr/bin/rlogin*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 7932 Jul 24 2001 /usr/bin/rsh*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 219932 Apr 4 2002 /usr/bin/ssh*
---s--x--x 1 root root 84680 Apr 18 2002 /usr/bin/sudo*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 32673 Apr 18 2002 /usr/sbin/ping6*
-r-sr-xr-x 1 root root 451280 Apr 8 2002 /usr/sbin/sendmail.sendmail*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 20140 Mar 14 2002 /usr/sbin/traceroute*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 13994 Apr 18 2002 /usr/sbin/traceroute6*
-rws--x--x 1 root root 22388 Apr 15 2002 /usr/sbin/userhelper*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 17461 Apr 19 2002 /usr/sbin/usernetctl*Many system administrators will recommend the deactivation of services like ping and traceroute, which systems don't often require. In this particular output, I recommend disabling /usr/bin/chage, /usr/bin/chfn, /usr/bins/chsh, /bin/mount,
/bin/umount, /usr/bin/gpasswd, /usr/sbin/usernetctl, /usr/sbin/traceroute, /usr/sbin/traceroute6, /usr/bin/newgrp, /usr/sbin/ping6, and /bin/ping.
Disabling suid on a file makes the file executable only by the owner and also makes it immutable (unable to be modified or deleted, or even linked to). To do this, use the command:
# chmod 111 /path/to/file
# chattr +I /path/to/fileRemember the rule of thumb: if you don't need it, disable it!
